


In the 1880’s, Joseph Mortimer Granville, a highly-regarded English physician, designed and patented the battery-operated vibrator. Granville promoted his machine, known as “Granville’s Hammer,” for the relief of muscular aches and pains, but it was soon commandeered into service for what was, at the time, seen by many physicians as the only reliable treatment for the widespread, and notoriously mystifying, women’s disorder known as “hysteria.” This treatment was “medicinal massage” of the female organs “to the point of paroxysm,” which, in the Victorian view, was a perfectly clinical release of the nervous system, certainly not to be confused with sexual pleasure.
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